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Das bedeutet, dass der Rechner alle Pakete, welche nicht an das Netz 192.168.0.x gerichtet sind an den Default Gateway 192.168.0.1 leiten wird. Die Routing Tabelle Der beschriebene Vorgang ist in der Routing-Tabelle des Rechners festgelegt, welche mit route print oder Get-NetRoute aufgerufen werden kann. The Blackjack Was Ist Das list is based mostly on Blackjack Was Ist Das your country, as many bonuses are only valid to players from certain countries. However, other Blackjack Was Ist Das ranging factors, such as the bonus value and the casino's rating, have been added into the mix as well. Die Alternative zu einem Bare-Metal-Server ist ein Hypervisor-Server, bei dem mehrere Nutzer die Rechen-, Speicher- und anderen Ressourcen eines virtuellen Servers gemeinsam nutzen. Bare-Metal-Server werden auch als physische Single-Tenant-Server oder dedizierte Managed-Server bezeichnet. Auf Bare-Metal-Servern wird das Betriebssystem direkt. A blade server is a stripped-down server computer with a modular design optimized to minimize the use of physical space and energy. Blade servers have many components removed to save space, minimize power consumption and other considerations, while still having all the functional components to be considered a computer. Windows Server Essentials (formerly Windows Small Business Server or SBS) is an integrated server suite from Microsoft designed for running network infrastructure (both intranet management and Internet access) of small and midsize businesses having no more than 25 users or 50 devices.

KeyMod is a universal interface system for firearm accessory components designed to supersede the MIL-STD-1913 accessory rails.^[1] The concept was first created by VLTOR Weapon Systems of Tucson, Arizona, and released through Noveske Rifleworks of Grants Pass, Oregon, before being published open sourced in the public domain for adoption by the entire firearms accessory industry.^[2][3][4] The name 'KeyMod' was coined by Eric Kincel (then working for VLTOR Weapon Systems) following the naming trend of other VLTOR accessories with the suffix 'Mod' meaning modular, and 'Key' being a reference to the key-hole profile of the mounting slots.

Description[edit]

KeyMod is an open-source design released for use and distribution in the public domain in an effort to standardize universal attachment systems in the firearm accessories market. The KeyMod system is intended to be used as a direct attachment method for firearm accessories such as flash light mounts, laser modules, sights, scope mounts, vertical grips, rail panels, hand stops, barricade supports, and many others.^[5] The goal is to eliminate the need for the rail to be fully outfitted with 1913 rails covering the entire handguard. The KeyMod system allows a user to place MIL-STD-1913 rails wherever needed (even in the 45° positions at times). The KeyMod system consists of two parts: the KeyMod slot and the KeyMod nut. The slot is distinctive with a larger diameter through-hole combined with a narrow slot. The slot is chamfered on the backside while the through hole is sized for clearance of a quick-detach sling swivel (approximately 3/8' diameter).

The nut is stepped and the larger diameter end is chamfered around 270 degrees of its diameter. The angled face created is meant to interface with the chamfer on the backside of the KeyMod slot. The full diameter is left intact to create two flats on the nut which align the nut to the slot, and allow it to be indexed to the accessory as well as to the KeyMod slot. This eliminates the need to align the nuts to the holes prior to accessory installation as well as the need for tools to tighten the screw/nut. In most accessories, the screw is swaged after assembly to ensure that it cannot be backed out of the nut. This prevents loss of small parts (screws, nuts or other small parts used in the assembly of the accessory). The spacing of the holes is critical and is based on MIL-STD-1913 spacing to allow the greatest modularity with existing accessories.

The KeyMod specifications call out a 'recoil lug' on the accessories which is intended to interface with the larger through hole portion and resist slippage of accessories during counter-recoil. The combination of the angled interface of the nut to the KeyMod slot and the recoil lug to the through hole make for a very strong attachment point which will not slip under harsh recoil or counter recoil. It also provides for an excellent return-to-zero when removed and re-installed.

History[edit]

VLTOR Weapon Systems had previously pursued a design which was the basis for the KeyMod system. While developing the first prototype systems Eric Kincel of VLTOR Weapon systems was approached by John Noveske of Noveske Rifleworks with a design for a universal accessory attachment system. After a short collaboration, during which Todd Krawczyk of Noveske Rifleworks suggested an improvement to the accessory lock/anti-rotation nut, John Noveske decided to adopt what became the KeyMod system for the NSR series of hand guards and accessories.^[6] Kincel's design was developed simultaneously, but without knowledge of the independently developed keyhole slot system by Accuracy International, until after KeyMod's release.^[7]

The specifications for the KeyMod system were first published in July 2012. The current revision was released in October 2012.

Technical specifications[edit]

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The specifications for the KeyMod system were initially released by VLTOR Weapon Systems as an open-source set of drawings. As such, some manufacturers have added their own variations on the system such as using the through-hole portion as a sling-swivel attachment point. The critical interface dimensions, however, still follow the specifications. In an effort to ensure interface dimensions are kept consistent and repeatable, Bravo Company MFG released a set of drawings for KeyMod gauges that allow for expedient inspection of the 100° chamfer feature in January 2014.

• KeyMod Slot details

• KeyMod nut details

• KeyMod accessory details

• KeyMod nut/screw assembly details

• Complete PDF

See also[edit]

• Rail Integration System, generic term for a system for attaching accessories to small firearms
• Weaver rail mount, early system used for scope mounts, still has some popularity in the civilian market
• Picatinny rail (MIL-STD-1913), improved and standardized version of the Weaver mount. Used both for scope mounts and for accessories (such as extra sling mounts, vertical grips, bipods etc.). Major popularity in the civilian market.
• NATO Accessory Rail- further development from the MIL-STD-1913
• UIT rail, an older standard used for mounting slings particularly on competition firearms
• M-LOK - free licensed competing standard to KeyMod
• Zeiss rail, a ringless scope mounting standard

References[edit]

1. ^Slowik, Max. 'New Open-Source KeyMod Universal Mounting System by Vltor'. Guns.com. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
2. ^Curtis, Rob. 'VLTOR gives the keymod tdp to you'. Militarytimes.com. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
3. ^Wiley, Suzanne. 'Fad or the Future? The KeyMod Rail System'. cheaperthandirt.com. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
4. ^Fortier, David. 'Mod Squad: Is KeyMod the New Industry Forend Standard?'. rifleshootermag.com/. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
5. ^Muramatsu, Kevin (25 November 2014). Gun Digest Guide to Customizing Your AR-15. Gun Digest Books.
6. ^Chin, Cass. 'Noveske NSR Handguard'. Military Morons. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
7. ^[1] (25 July 2012). 'Introducing the Vltor KeyMod system' (Press release). Eric S. Kincel, Vltor Weapon Systems. Retrieved 23 January 2015.

A blade server is a stripped-down server computer with a modular design optimized to minimize the use of physical space and energy. Blade servers have many components removed to save space, minimize power consumption and other considerations, while still having all the functional components to be considered a computer.^[1] Unlike a rack-mount server, a blade server fits inside a blade enclosure, which can hold multiple blade servers, providing services such as power, cooling, networking, various interconnects and management. Together, blades and the blade enclosure form a blade system, which may itself be rack-mounted. Different blade providers have differing principles regarding what to include in the blade itself, and in the blade system as a whole.

In a standard server-rack configuration, one rack unit or 1U—19 inches (480 mm) wide and 1.75 inches (44 mm) tall—defines the minimum possible size of any equipment. The principal benefit and justification of blade computing relates to lifting this restriction so as to reduce size requirements. The most common computer rack form-factor is 42U high, which limits the number of discrete computer devices directly mountable in a rack to 42 components. Blades do not have this limitation. As of 2014, densities of up to 180 servers per blade system (or 1440 servers per rack) are achievable with blade systems.^[2]

Blade enclosure[edit]

Enclosure (or chassis) performs many of the non-core computing services found in most computers. Non-blade systems typically use bulky, hot and space-inefficient components, and may duplicate these across many computers that may or may not perform at capacity. By locating these services in one place and sharing them among the blade computers, the overall utilization becomes higher. The specifics of which services are provided varies by vendor.

Power[edit]

Computers operate over a range of DC voltages, but utilities deliver power as AC, and at higher voltages than required within computers. Converting this current requires one or more power supply units (or PSUs). To ensure that the failure of one power source does not affect the operation of the computer, even entry-level servers may have redundant power supplies, again adding to the bulk and heat output of the design.

The blade enclosure's power supply provides a single power source for all blades within the enclosure. This single power source may come as a power supply in the enclosure or as a dedicated separate PSU supplying DC to multiple enclosures.^[3][4] This setup reduces the number of PSUs required to provide a resilient power supply.

The popularity of blade servers, and their own appetite for power, has led to an increase in the number of rack-mountable uninterruptible power supply (or UPS) units, including units targeted specifically towards blade servers (such as the BladeUPS).

Cooling[edit]

During operation, electrical and mechanical components produce heat, which a system must dissipate to ensure the proper functioning of its components. Most blade enclosures, like most computing systems, remove heat by using fans.

A frequently underestimated problem when designing high-performance computer systems involves the conflict between the amount of heat a system generates and the ability of its fans to remove the heat. The blade's shared power and cooling means that it does not generate as much heat as traditional servers. Newer blade-enclosures feature variable-speed fans and control logic, or even liquid cooling systems^[5][6] that adjust to meet the system's cooling requirements.

At the same time, the increased density of blade-server configurations can still result in higher overall demands for cooling with racks populated at over 50% full. This is especially true with early-generation blades. In absolute terms, a fully populated rack of blade servers is likely to require more cooling capacity than a fully populated rack of standard 1U servers. This is because one can fit up to 128 blade servers in the same rack that will only hold 42 1U rack-mount servers.^[7]

Networking[edit]

Blade servers generally include integrated or optional network interface controllers for Ethernet or host adapters for Fibre Channel storage systems or converged network adapter to combine storage and data via one Fibre Channel over Ethernet interface. In many blades, at least one interface is embedded on the motherboard and extra interfaces can be added using mezzanine cards.

A blade enclosure can provide individual external ports to which each network interface on a blade will connect. Alternatively, a blade enclosure can aggregate network interfaces into interconnect devices (such as switches) built into the blade enclosure or in networking blades.^[8][9]

Storage[edit]

While computers typically use hard disks to store operating systems, applications and data, these are not necessarily required locally. Many storage connection methods (e.g. FireWire, SATA, E-SATA, SCSI, SASDAS, FC and iSCSI) are readily moved outside the server, though not all are used in enterprise-level installations. Implementing these connection interfaces within the computer presents similar challenges to the networking interfaces (indeed iSCSI runs over the network interface), and similarly these can be removed from the blade and presented individually or aggregated either on the chassis or through other blades.

The ability to boot the blade from a storage area network (SAN) allows for an entirely disk-free blade, an example of which implementation is the Intel Modular Server System.

Other blades[edit]

Since blade enclosures provide a standard method for delivering basic services to computer devices, other types of devices can also utilize blade enclosures. Blades providing switching, routing, storage, SAN and fibre-channel access can slot into the enclosure to provide these services to all members of the enclosure.

Systems administrators can use storage blades where a requirement exists for additional local storage.^[10][11][12]

Uses[edit]

Blade servers function well for specific purposes such as web hosting, virtualization, and cluster computing. Individual blades are typically hot-swappable. As users deal with larger and more diverse workloads, they add more processing power, memory and I/O bandwidth to blade servers.Although blade-server technology in theory allows for open, cross-vendor systems, most users buy modules, enclosures, racks and management tools from the same vendor.

Eventual standardization of the technology might result in more choices for consumers;^[13][14] as of 2009 increasing numbers of third-party software vendors have started to enter this growing field.^[15]

Blade servers do not, however, provide the answer to every computing problem. One can view them as a form of productized server-farm that borrows from mainframe packaging, cooling, and power-supply technology. Very large computing tasks may still require server farms of blade servers, and because of blade servers' high power density, can suffer even more acutely from the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning problems that affect large conventional server farms.

History[edit]

Developers first placed complete microcomputers on cards and packaged them in standard 19-inch racks in the 1970s, soon after the introduction of 8-bit microprocessors. This architecture was used in the industrial process control industry as an alternative to minicomputer-based control systems. Early models stored programs in EPROM and were limited to a single function with a small real-time executive.

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The VMEbus architecture (c. 1981) defined a computer interface that included implementation of a board-level computer installed in a chassis backplane with multiple slots for pluggable boards to provide I/O, memory, or additional computing.

In the 1990s, the PCI Industrial Computer Manufacturers Group PICMG developed a chassis/blade structure for the then emerging Peripheral Component Interconnect bus PCI called CompactPCI. CompactPCI was actually invented by Ziatech Corp of San Luis Obispo, CA and developed into an industry standard. Common among these chassis-based computers was the fact that the entire chassis was a single system. While a chassis might include multiple computing elements to provide the desired level of performance and redundancy, there was always one master board in charge, or two redundant fail-over masters coordinating the operation of the entire system. Moreover this system architecture provided management capabilities not present in typical rack mount computers, much more like in ultra-high reliability systems, managing power supplies, cooling fans as well as monitoring health of other internal components.

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Demands for managing hundreds and thousands of servers in the emerging Internet Data Centers where the manpower simply didn't exist to keep pace a new server architecture was needed. In 1998 and 1999 this new Blade Server Architecture was developed at Ziatech based on their Compact PCI platform to house as many as 14 'blade servers' in a standard 19' 9U high rack mounted chassis, allowing in this configuration as many as 84 serves in a standard 84 Rack Unit 19' rack. What this new architecture brought to the table was a set of new interfaces to the hardware specifically to provide the capability to remotely monitor the health and performance of all major replaceable modules that could be changed/replaced while the system was in operation. The ability to change/replace or add modules within the system while it is in operation is known as Hot-Swap. Unique to any other server system the Ketris Blade servers routed Ethernet across the backplane (where server blades would plug-in) eliminating more than 160 cables in a single 84 Rack Unit high 19' rack. For a large data center tens of thousands of Ethernet cables, prone to failure would be eliminated. Further this architecture provided the capabilities to inventory modules installed in the system remotely in each system chassis without the blade servers operating. This architecture enabled the ability to provision (power up, install operating systems and applications software) (e.g. a Web Servers) remotely from a Network Operations Center (NOC). The system architecture when this system was announced was called Ketris, named after the Ketri Sword, worn by nomads in such a way as to be drawn very quickly as needed. First envisioned by Dave Bottom and developed by an engineering team at Ziatech Corp in 1999 and demonstrated at the Networld+Interop show in May 2000. Patents (site patents) were awarded for the Ketris blade server architecture. In October 2000 Ziatech was acquired by Intel Corp and the Ketris Blade Server systems would become a product of the Intel Network Products Group.^{[citation needed]}

PICMG expanded the CompactPCI specification with the use of standard Ethernet connectivity between boards across the backplane. The PICMG 2.16 CompactPCI Packet Switching Backplane specification was adopted in Sept 2001.^[16] This provided the first open architecture for a multi-server chassis.

The Second generation of Ketris would be developed at Intel as an architecture for the telecommunications industry to support the build out of IP base telecom services and in particular the LTE (Long Term Evolution) Cellular Network build-out. PICMG followed with this larger and more feature-rich AdvancedTCA specification, targeting the telecom industry's need for a high availability and dense computing platform with extended product life (10+ years). While AdvancedTCA system and boards typically sell for higher prices than blade servers, the operating cost (manpower to manage and maintain) are dramatically lower, where operating cost often dwarf the acquisition cost for traditional servers. AdvancedTCA promote them for telecommunications customers, however in the real world implementation in Internet Data Centers where thermal as well as other maintenance and operating cost had become prohibitively expensive, this blade server architecture with remote automated provisioning, health and performance monitoring and management would be a significantly less expensive operating cost.^{[clarification needed]}

The first commercialized blade-server architecture^{[citation needed]} was invented by Christopher Hipp and David Kirkeby, and their patent (US 6411506) was assigned to Houston-based RLX Technologies.^[17] RLX, which consisted primarily of former Compaq Computer Corporation employees, including Hipp and Kirkeby, shipped its first commercial blade server in 2001.^[18] RLX was acquired by Hewlett Packard in 2005.^[19]

The name blade server appeared when a card included the processor, memory, I/O and non-volatile program storage (flash memory or small hard disk(s)). This allowed manufacturers to package a complete server, with its operating system and applications, on a single card/board/blade. These blades could then operate independently within a common chassis, doing the work of multiple separate server boxes more efficiently. In addition to the most obvious benefit of this packaging (less space consumption), additional efficiency benefits have become clear in power, cooling, management, and networking due to the pooling or sharing of common infrastructure to support the entire chassis, rather than providing each of these on a per server box basis.

In 2011, research firm IDC identified the major players in the blade market as HP, IBM, Cisco, and Dell.^[20] Other companies selling blade servers include Supermicro, Hitachi.

Blade models[edit]

Though independent professional computer manufacturers such as Supermicro offer blade servers, the market is dominated by large public companies such as Cisco Systems, which had 40% share by revenue in Americas in the first quarter of 2014.^[21] The remaining prominent brands in the blade server market are HPE, Dell and IBM, though the latter sold its x86 server business to Lenovo in 2014 after selling its consumer PC line to Lenovo in 2005.^[22]

In 2009, Cisco announced blades in its Unified Computing System product line, consisting of 6U high chassis, up to 8 blade servers in each chassis. It has a heavily modified Nexus 5K switch, rebranded as a fabric interconnect, and management software for the whole system.^[23]HP's line consists of two chassis models, the c3000 which holds up to 8 half-height ProLiant line blades (also available in tower form), and the c7000 (10U) which holds up to 16 half-height ProLiant blades. Dell's product, the M1000e is a 10U modular enclosure and holds up to 16 half-height PowerEdge blade servers or 32 quarter-height blades.

See also[edit]

• Mobile PCI Express Module (MXM)

References[edit]

1. ^'Data Center Networking – Connectivity and Topology Design Guide'(PDF). Enterasys Networks, Inc. 2011. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2013-10-05. Retrieved 2013-09-05.
2. ^'HP updates Moonshot server platform with ARM and AMD Opteron hardware'. www.v3.co.uk. 9 Dec 2013. Retrieved 2014-04-25.
3. ^'HP BladeSystem p-Class Infrastructure'. Archived from the original on 2006-05-18. Retrieved 2006-06-09.
4. ^Sun Blade Modular System
5. ^Sun Power and Cooling
6. ^HP Thermal Logic technology
7. ^'HP BL2x220c'. Archived from the original on 2008-08-29. Retrieved 2008-08-21.
8. ^Sun Independent I/O
9. ^HP Virtual Connect
10. ^IBM BladeCenter HS21Archived October 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
11. ^'HP storage blade'. Archived from the original on 2007-04-30. Retrieved 2007-04-18.
12. ^Verari Storage Blade
13. ^http://www.techspot.com/news/26376-intel-endorses-industrystandard-blade-design.html TechSpot
14. ^http://news.cnet.com/2100-1010_3-5072603.htmlCNETArchived 2011-12-26 at the Wayback Machine
15. ^https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/04/07/ssi_blade_specs/ The Register
16. ^PICMG specificationsArchived 2007-01-09 at the Wayback Machine
17. ^US patent 6411506, Christopher Hipp & David Kirkeby, 'High density web server chassis system and method', published 2002-06-25, issued 2002-06-25, assigned to RLX Technologies
18. ^'RLX helps data centres with switch to blades'. ARN. October 8, 2001. Retrieved 2011-07-30.
19. ^'HP Will Acquire RLX To Bolster Blades'. www.informationweek.com. October 3, 2005. Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved 2009-07-24.
20. ^'Worldwide Server Market Revenues Increase 12.1% in First Quarter as Market Demand Continues to Improve, According to IDC' (Press release). IDC. 2011-05-24. Archived from the original on 2011-05-26. Retrieved 2015-03-20.
21. ^'Cisco Q1 Blade Server Sales Top HP In NA'.
22. ^'Transitioning x86 to Lenovo'. IBM.com. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
23. ^'Cisco Unleashes the Power of Virtualization with Industry's First Unified Computing System'. Press release. March 16, 2009. Archived from the original on March 21, 2009. Retrieved March 27, 2017.

External links[edit]

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